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arXiv:quant-ph/9908043quant-ph

Ultimate physical limits to computation

Seth Lloyd

Abstract

Computers are physical systems: what they can and cannot do is dictated by the laws of physics. In particular, the speed with which a physical device can process information is limited by its energy and the amount of information that it can process is limited by the number of degrees of freedom it possesses. This paper explores the physical limits of computation as determined by the speed of light $c$, the quantum scale $\hbar$ and the gravitational constant $G$. As an example, quantitative bounds are put to the computational power of an `ultimate laptop' with a mass of one kilogram confined to a volume of one liter.

arXiv comments
22 pages, plain TeX, submitted to Nature, replaced to incorporate additional content and references
Journal reference
DOI
doi:10.1038/35023282
Subjects
quant-phQuantum Physics

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Linked by 20 identifiable commenters in 22 comments across 21 threads, from Nov 2010 to Oct 2022. Found in 12 HN submissions from Jun 2008 to Oct 2026. Open submission discussions.

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Discussed in comments21 threads

    • Maybe read https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9908043.pdf before you think about computers operating on 2*140 objects and try to be less aggressive in your comments.

      adrianNView on HNParent context

    • I'd be curious if anyone with understanding of memory transistor density has an idea of what sort of physical footprint and power requirements 128-bit addressable memory would look like, because I'm having a hard time picturing even a distributed, shared virtual memory space…

      reincarnate0x14View on HNParent context

    • In the Perfect Imperfection by Jacek Dukaj [0] has something called "Remy's curve" [1]. On the curve you can find: - Ultimate Computer is the computer using the best hardware as allowed by the physical constants of our universe. See also physics of computation. - Inclusions are…

      IsinlorView on HNParent context

    • An interesting paper in somewhat the opposite direction, but still building on Landauer's work is "Ultimate physical limits to computation": https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043 The end of the abstract: > [...] quantitative bounds are put to the computational power of an…

      messeView on HNParent context

    • It seems likely that Moore’s Law will someday be resurrected, perhaps in a weaker form, but I wouldn't bet heavily on any particular invention being the one that resurrects it. I say it seems likely because Landauer's limit works out to about 0.003 attojoules per bit erasure at…

      kragenView on HNParent context

    • A very famous and popular paper that's often cited when debating the simulation hypothesis. I'm squarely in the "not a simulation" camp for a few reasons. 1) Limits of computation. First, we need to find out whether or not the universe is computable. To me, it doesn't seem like…

      dvtView on HNParent context

    • see also: "Ultimate physical limits to computation" http://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/9908043v3.pdf "Limits on fundamental limits to computation" http://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.3821v2 "The physics of information processing superobjects: daily life among the Jupiter brains"…

      kanzureView on HNParent context

  1. Bremermann's limit 2 comments
    • This is an entertaining read: Ultimate Limits to Computation http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043

      sevenlessView on HNParent context

    • I've always found the idea of the universe being a simulation rather silly. There are estimated to be 10^80 particles in the observable universe. Assuming our universe is being simulated on an earth sized computer (this is mind bogglingly ridiculous to me) and that the…

      jereView on HNParent context

    • A note -- if you're linking to arXiv, it's better to link to the abstract (http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043, or http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043v3 for this particular version) rather than directly to the PDF. From the abstract, one can easily click through to the PDF…

      SniffnoyView on HNParent context

    • There is another more fundamental limit, credited to Margolus and Levitin [1], which puts the maximum speed of a (quantum) gate at 2E / h operations per second for a system of energy E and Planck constant h. Given the energy of the sun quoted in the article, this puts the upper…

      pbsdView on HNParent context

    • Read this in the past and there's a few things that bother me * It's impossible to simulate a universe of our current resolution, because it would take more matter than the original universe. * You can't just simulate 'observable areas'. Everything needs to be simulated. * An…

      achilleView on HNParent context

    • Programming the Universe by Seth Lloyd (physics professor at MIT who likes to call himself a "quantum mechanic"). Here's a relevant paper by Lloyd titled "Ultimate physical limits to computation": http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043v3

      anateusView on HNParent context

    • It uses energy to do so— just like a heat pump can heat your home with greater output than electrical input, but not no electrical input. The more exciting detail is that computation itself doesn't increase entropy, at least not if reversible computing is use. Only errors or…

      nullcView on HNParent context

    • > Suppose that there is a network that is never partitioned, and machines connected to that network that never fail. In that case consistency and availability should be perfect. You mean, in that case tolerance to partition and availability should be perfect. > Perhaps someday…

      sigilView on HNParent context

    • Hm. It appears Blogspot ate my comments. So I guess I'll just paste it here. --- > The "for a time" bit is crucial. There is as Feynman said "plenty of room at the bottom" but it is by no means infinite given actually demonstrated physics. That means all growth curves that look…

      gwernView on HNParent context

  2. 128-bit storage: are you high? 1 comment
    • Agreed. Unfortunately the Nature article is behind a paywall but the original paper is available on arxiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043

      dschobelView on HNParent context

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