Realization of a Synthetic Hall Torus with a Topological Charge Pump in a Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensate

Abstract

We report the first experimental realization of a synthetic Hall torus using a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a ring-shaped trap with in situ imaging. By cyclically coupling three hyperfine spin states via Raman and microwave fields, we impose a periodic boundary condition in the synthetic dimension, which, together with a real-space ring trap, realizes a toroidal geometry with synthetic magnetic flux penetrating the surface. This flux induces azimuthal density modulations whose periodicity is uniquely determined by the quantized toroidal flux, a hallmark of the Hall torus. We then implement a topological charge pump by adiabatically varying an axial flux through the torus, inducing quantized azimuthal transport of the atoms. We further investigate the onset of these modulations as the system transitions from cylindrical to toroidal topology. Our results establish a versatile platform for exploring quantum Hall physics and topological phenomena in synthetic curved spaces.